Events+of+Unification

===//Napoleon the first defeated The Five Big Powers (the Austrian Empire, Prussia, the United Kingdom, Russia, and France). From September 1814 to June 1815 Congress of Vienna they had a meeting about new boundaries for the various countries and territories of Europe to all have a balance of power to prevent war.//===

//**__A. Winds Of Revolution__**//
 * The Concert of Europe (Austria, Prussia, Britain, and Russia) acted as a military alliance to maintain order in Europe. In 1820, they ended rebellions, including Italy & Spain.
 * They wanted to stop monarchy so in 1848, revolutions spread across Europe. Italians, French, Poles, Danes, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Croats, and Romanians demanded to start their own governments.

//**__B. Soul, Sword, and Brain__**// //**﻿**// >
 * Of Italy in the 1830's, Giuseppe Mazzini (the man who thought of the idea of nationalism and challenged traditional order in19th-century Europe.) organized a secret society called Young Italy which worked together to assemble Italian unification. He believed in democracy and a liberal government.
 * Mazzini founded newspapers and advertised his revolution to the people. He became known as the "soul" of Italian nationalism.
 * After the Revolutions of 1848, he served briefly in the government but took himself out of leadership when the revolutionary government was overthrown in 1849.
 * The "sword" of nationalism was one of the members of Young Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi. In 1848 he returned to Italy to organize a volunteeer army of freedom fighters. Afterwards, Garibaldi's armies won the vicries which finally united southern Italy.
 * In Northern Italy of 1849 king Victor Emmanuel the second took the throne after his father faced defeat in war with Austria and then relinquished his power.
 * The kingdom was a constitutional monarchy meaning they had rights but instead of a president, they had a king and queen.
 * In 1852, Camillo Benso di Cavour became premier. He was the "brain" of Italian nationalism and the architect of unification.
 * During the next 10 years, he formed an alliance with France and drove Austria out of Italy causing the various states uniting and being under the rule of Victor Emmanuel in 1861. Only Rome, ruled by the pope, remained independent until 1871.
 * //__C. A Kingdom Not a Republic__//**
 * Finally unified, Italy was a monarchy, not a democratic republic. Mazzini never accomplished his dreams of democracy and nationalism (he tried from the 1850s-1860s to replace the marnarchy but failed). He then died in jail in 1872.